But for a comprehensive social management a composite decision must be made and this cannot be done with the formulation of decision. The recency of this development is surprising considering that gambling has existed for millennia, so humans have a long history of making judgments of probabilistic events. All these cannot be the proper criteria of decision-making process, but during the Cold War they were. We call it a new tendency because interest about decision-making had already emerged in the mid-fifties but in the sixties arid seventies separate areas for the study of decision-making were selected and scholars devoted more time and intellect for the proliferation of the concept. Application of sophisticated technology in management and globalisation has not adversely affected the importance of management in organisation. People always view decision from the standpoint of teleology. The formulation of policy may aim either at short-term or long-term objectives. The bureaucrats and related agencies have their own outlook, values and assessment about incidents and when policy making process starts the top government officers and allied agencies release their efforts to guide the formulation of policies in the light they cherish. The implication of this criticism is the individuals in their personal cases may take the help of this model and for large business organisations or governmental departments this is not a fruitful way. Mere making of decision is not enough and therefore its implementation. The head of the state, Prime Minister, Foreign Minister etc. If the formulators could not predict these problems implementation will face not only troubles, the very objective will remain unrealized. (3) Materials or means are to be collected for making a policy. It is the duty of the decision-makers to say that the decision has been formulated in the background of certain problems and issues and it is designed to perform such and such tasks. But the making of decision is not all, the implementation, revision and other aspects are also equally important. But generally speaking this type of irrationality does not become the common feature. The application of rationality raises question. Several factors contributed to the emergence of decision-making theory and the most important of them is the strong urge to verify the concept with the help of data and scientific principles. are involved in the decision-making process and even an ordinary decision cannot be taken abruptly. If the consequence of the implementation of policy are satisfactory the decision-maker will make next step. Not only this, the purpose of all decisions is to make suitable all the structures and their functions for changed situations. When trying to make a good decision, a person must weight the positives and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives. But the final decision is taken by few top brass of party or bureaucracy. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action. (a) A bundle of drawbacks stated above should not detract our attention from the contribution Snyder’s theory of decision-making makes to the analysis of international policies in general and power politics in particular. While the decision makers make decision they consider all the (or most of the) situations. In this way there is a clear dichotomy between formulation and implementation. Here the anti-communist feeling worked. It is unfortunate that Snyder fails of give due consideration to all these elements/factors. XIII, Special Issue on European Perspectives of Organizational Theory, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. The policy must be stated in clear terms and the objectives shall be stated clearly. If it is abandoned a new policy is being imitated to replace the old one. Understanding this basic concept is important, because you aren’t going to use the same decision-making process for all choices that you have to m… Decision-making process includes all of them (or most of them) into the orbit of analysis. She formulated a number of policies whose core elements constitute deregulation and privatization combined with authoritarian social policy. If we treat the subject in this way we shall find that the concept has dynamised the political system and processes of analysing political phenomena. Again human action relates to policy decision. Game theory, the study of strategic decision-making, brings together disparate disciplines such as mathematics, psychology, and philosophy. The formulators of the decision decide the aspects of implementation. A decision is made not for the decision itself but for the inhabitants of society. This is a tough job because the quality and efficacy of the decision depends to a large extent on the elements with the help of which it has been made. These rules may, for instance, have a procedural framework (e.g. The policy makers or the authority after the implementation sits to ponder over the pros and cons of the policy. The decision-making is a process and passes through a number of stages. Implementation of decision is the third stage of policy. Robert Dahl says: “the term ‘science’ has increasingly come to mean an empirical science of politics. During the Cold War period and even in subsequent years Snyder’s decision-making approach was profusely used to explain the international events and the gestures of the big and superpowers. However, the chief originators or initiators of decisions are government, parties, groups, ‘people themselves. His past experience is his best guide. [20] This happens because, due to routine thinking, one disregards the probability and concentrates on the ratio of the outcomes, meaning that one expects that in the long run the ratio of flips should be half for each outcome. Moreover, there are different structures of a political system and these structures have their allotted functions. What are the consequences of evaluation? Taking of a decision is not all it is to be properly formulated. Decision theory, in statistics, a set of quantitative methods for reaching optimal decisions.A solvable decision problem must be capable of being tightly formulated in terms of initial conditions and choices or courses of action, with their consequences. If the people feel that the decision implemented by the political authority of the state cannot meet their needs, they will not co-operate with the authority in this regard. This is rationality. The purpose of policy making is to embrace all these structures and their functions. Dror argues that incremental change by successive limited comparison is only adequate if the results of present policies are reasonably satisfactory, if there is continuity in the nature of the problem, and if there is continuity in the available means for dealing with it. Since these constituted the bases of decision-making process the decision itself failed to be imperfect and defective. The decision-making as a process of administration has a wide range of application mainly in public administration and at the beginning of the fifties of last century it came to the limelight. Decision theory is an interdisciplinary approach to arrive at the decisions that are the most advantageous given an uncertain environment. Normative decision theory is concerned with identification of optimal decisions where optimality is often determined by considering an ideal decision maker who is able to calculate with perfect accuracy and is in some sense fully rational. There is external set up or setting. Whatever be the case the formulators must proceed taking into consideration of the nature of the objectives. So, the worth of the approach is undeniable. In any governmental organisation several bureaucrats or officers work together and after considering all the aspects a decision is taken. Naturally it is asserted that decision, as far as practicable, should be rational and scientific. He weighs all the aspects and sides of any venture. We shall now deal with a very important and interesting aspect of decision-making and it is various stages of decision-making. This they did taking account of the forth-coming elections. It is known by normative theory rather than descriptive theory. So we can say that decision-making denotes the formulation of general policy for the management of an organisation which may be business organisation or admin­istrative organisation. His decision-making theory can be ex­plained in the form of following points: 1. So the dichotomisation between rationality and irrationality may appear irrelevant. The first is the government or the authority of the political system can take action. 3. Similarly, while a decision is being made the decision maker must demonstrate utmost rationality. Other areas of decision theory are concerned with decisions that are difficult simply because of their complexity, or the complexity of the organization that has to make them. Decision theory (or the theory of choice not to be confused with choice theory) is the study of an agent's choices. In different spheres these actors have been found to be active. Definition offered by the C.O.D. 4. Some of them are stated briefly. (6) The success of a policy/decision largely depends upon people’s acceptability and this again depends on the answer to the question—who gets? "Rational Models of Irrational Behavior" (PDF). To involve fallacies or inaccuracies is that without the help of data, information.! 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