But sometimes it creates confusion when asked all of a sudden. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'whatispiping_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',612,'0','0']));The Youngs modulus does not depend on the geometry of the material. Young’s Modulus is named after British scientist Thomas Young Any rigid body will undergo deformation when any compression or tension load is applied. E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (Pa, N/m 2, lb/in 2, psi) named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young; Elasticity Your email address will not be published. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). Fishing lines are designed to not only support a static load they must cope with the sharp shock of the rod being flipped back or the fish jerking the … Young’s modulus specifies the measure of the ability of a material to withstand length changes under tensile or compressive forces. the value of modulus of elasticity does not change. To determine the modulus of elasticity of steel, for example, first identify the region of elastic deformation in the stress-strain curve, which you now see applies to strains less than about 1 percent, or ε = 0.01. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Note! It's an one of a most important functions in strength of materials, frequently used to analyse the stiffness of a solid material. Young’s modulus specifies the measure of the ability of a material to withstand length changes under tensile or compressive forces. Young’s modulus is defined mathematically as the ratio of the longitudinal stress to the strain within the elastic range of the material.eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'whatispiping_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',626,'0','0'])); eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'whatispiping_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',658,'0','0']));As explained in the article “Introduction to Stress-Strain Curve“; the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the straight part of the curve. The following table provides typical values of Young’s modulus with respect to increasing temperature for ferrous materials. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! ... A steel wire of diameter 4.0 mm (Area = 12.5 x 10^(-6) m^2) and length 30 m is suspended from an overhead crane and a load of 1500 N is suspended … Young’s Modulus or Elastic Modulus or Tensile Modulus, is the measurement of mechanical properties of linear elastic solids like rods, wires, etc. Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt. Corrosion Inhibitors and their Selection (With PDF). Modulus of Elasticity, Young's Modulus For Common Engineering Materials Table. The A36 steel Poisson's Ratio is 0.26, and A36 steel Shear Modulus is 75 GPa (10,900 ksi). Young's modulus describes tensile elasticity along a line when opposing forces … The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with a sudden release of the stored elastic energy. This website is my first venture into the world of blogging with the aim of connecting with other piping engineers around the world. Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading). Young's Modulus - Tensile and Yield Strength for common Materials, A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade A, A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade B, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade A, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade B, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade C, A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade A, A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade B, A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade A, A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade B, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade Ia & Ib, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade II, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade III, Cellulose,  cotton, wood pulp and regenerated, named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, en: tensile elastic young's modulus hook elasticity, es: módulo de elasticidad gancho de tracción del joven elástica, de: Elastizitätselastizitätsmodul Hakens Elastizität. For instance, it predicts how much a material sample extends under tension or shortens under compression. Young’s modulus, E, is a function of the shape of the curve of potential energy with interatomic distance. Modulus of elasticity (or also referred to as Young’s modulus) is the ratio of stress to strain in elastic range of deformation. The Young modulus for steel = 210 GPa. Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length under lengthwise tension or compression. ... and copper wires with the same cross-sectional area is 690 N, 900 N, and 1100 N, respectively. I am very much passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things. 643 As seen in Table 1, the standards do not specify the modulus of elasticity (E) or Poisson's ratio for any grade of steel. Thermal Stress= Thermal Strain X E=. The value of Young’s modulus for aluminum is about 1.0 × 10 7 psi, or 7.0 × 10 10 N/m 2. The elastic modulus is the coefficient of proportionality between the "strain" and the "tensile stress" when the steel material is pulled. Young’s modulus for tensile loading is typically: Carbon and alloy steels (including mild steel): 30E6 psi (or 207 GPa) Structural Steels: 29E6 psi (or 200 GPa) That linear dependence of displacement upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as, Fs = -k dL                                          (4). Rubber certainly does not have a greater Young’s modulus than steel. In other steels and in nonferrous metals this phenomenon is not observed. - this online pressure converter can be used to convert between units of Tensile modulus. Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. Which is a corrosion inhibitor?Corrosion inhibitors are chemical compounds that are added in very low concentrations to the flowing fluids (additives to the fluids) for significantly reducing the... Hi There! The corresponding stress at that point is σ = 250 N/mm 2. To calculate the change in length (deformation or deflection) of a material under tensile or compressive loads. Some of these are Bulk modulus and Shear modulus etc. Description of Searle’s Apparatus Construction. Young's modulus of carbon steels (mild, medium and high), alloy steels, stainless steels and tool steels are given in the following table in GPA and ksi. "ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis". It’s pretty important for materials scientists, too, so in this article I’m going to explain what elasticity means, how to calculate Young’s modulus, and why stiffness is so important. Young’s modulus signifies the elasticity of a material. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The energy is stored elastically or dissipated plastically. Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E. Young's modulus can be expressed as. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. They have been conveniently assumed to be 200 GPa and 0.3 in Extension (e) = 50x10/[2.1x10 11 x1.10-6] = 2.38 mm Therefore new length = 10.0024 m Fishing line extension Fishing line behaves in an odd way - the initial extension is not static - it increases as the creep continues! Young’s modulus 11 Yield stress and tensile strength 12 Fracture toughness 13 Environmental resistance 14 Uniaxial tensile response of selected metals and polymers 15 III. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Young's modulus enables the calculation of the change in the dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material under tensile or compressive loads. Young’s modulus of steel is 1.9 x 1011 N/m2. It implies that steel is more elastic than copper, brass, and aluminium. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "ae2ed8418e64f3688a66f60065618abe" );document.getElementById("h2c49387a7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. link to Introduction to Induction Bending, link to Corrosion Inhibitors and their Selection (With PDF), Practical Applications of Young’s Modulus. MATERIAL PROPERTY CHARTS Young’s modulus versus density 16 Strength versus density 17 Young’s modulus versus strength 18 Fracture toughness versus strength 19 Maximum service temperature 20 Material price … As steel is the most widely used material in industries, we will have a look at the Young’s modulus of Steel for getting a rough estimate of the values. As the strain is the ratio of two lengths, it is dimensionless.Hence, the unit of Young’s modulus, E =the unit of stress=N/m2 in the Metric system and psi (pound per square inch) in the English System.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'whatispiping_com-box-4','ezslot_4',635,'0','0'])); For a specific material, the value of Young’s modulus or the modulus of elasticity is constant at a specified temperature. Young’s Modulus is the ability of any material to resist changes due to force acting in a longitudinal direction. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The Young's modulus directly applies to cases of uniaxial stress, that is tensile or compressive stress in one direction and no stress in the other directions. So be with me for the next couple of years! Young's modulus refers to the stiffness of a material and is used as one of its characteristics. Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the dimension - and can be expressed as, ε = dL / L                                          (1), dL = elongation or compression (offset) of object (m, in), Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as, σ = F / A                                           (2), = (F / A) / (dL / L)                                    (3), E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (Pa, N/m2, lb/in2, psi). The more the value of elastic modulus means the more elastic the material is. With an increase in the material temperature the modulus of elasticity of a material decreases. The Yield Point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load. For designing the load-carrying capability of steel and concrete structures, civil engineers use Young’s modulus along with allowable deflection data. There are other numbers that give us a measure of elastic properties of a material, like Bulk modulus and shear modulus, but the value of Young’s Modulus is most commonly used. For structural design the modulus of elasticity of structural steel is considered as E = 210000 MPa. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's Law. Mechanical deformation puts energy into a material. Currently, I work in a reputed MNC as a Senior Piping Stress Engineer. as 100% machinability) 70 %: 70 %: Shear Modulus (Typical for steel) 80.0 GPa: 11600 ksi: Electrical Properties. This is a very useful parameter in material science. The way a material stores this energy is summarized in … The elastic modulus is also called the "Young's modulus" usually. Searle’s apparatus consists of two metal frames F 1 and F 2. So, Steel material will regain its shape more easily as compared to the rubber on the application of force. A36 steel Modulus of Elasticity, A36 steel Young's Modulus is 200 GPa (29,000 ksi). The wire A is … To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire. Mild steel- E= 200 GPa; Cast iron E= 100 GPa; Aluminium E= 200/3 GPa; Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire. What is Induction Bending?Induction Bending is a precisely controlled and efficient piping bending technique. Young’s modulus can be used to calculate various other moduli (for example rigidity modulus, bulk modulus, etc) of a material. E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (N/m2, lb/in2, psi) Elasticity is property of A36 steel indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion. Take two identical straight wires (same length and equal radius) A and B. A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. Your email address will not be published. The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of structural steel is specified in the design standard EN 1993-1-1 Section 3.2.6. "Elastic modulus" is a material property that indicates the strength or elasticity of the steel materials used for making mold parts. There are some other numbers exists which provide us a measure of elastic properties of a material. Conversions. Design values of additional material mechanical properties for structural steel Young’s modulus, also known as modulus of elasticity or elasticity modulus is named after the British physicist Thomas Young. Flange modulus of elasticity data is provided as input for design and ambient temperature conditions. Modulus of Elasticity also know as Young's Modulus is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a force is applied to it. Modulus of elasticity is also a measure of material's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation. This is a very useful parameter in material science. More about the definitions below the table. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Young’s modulus–the most common type of elastic modulus, seems to be the most important material property for mechanical engineers. Young's modulus of carbon steels, for example, mild steel is 210 GPA and 3045 KSI approximately. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY The modulus of elasticity (= Young’s modulus) E is a material property, that describes its stiffness and is therefore one of the most important properties of solid materials. Young's modulus (or modulus of elasticity): Young's modulus of steel at room temperature is ordinarily between 190 GPA (27500 KSI) and 215 GPA (31200). Hence, Steel is more elastic than rubber. Young’s modulus of Steel Young’s modulus, also known as modulus of elasticity or elasticity modulus is named after the British physicist Thomas Young. Young’s Modulus (also referred to as the Elastic Modulus or Tensile Modulus), is a measure of mechanical properties of linear elastic solids like rods, wires, and such. and is calculated using the formula below: We don't save this data. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. There are numerous practical examples of Young’s modulus. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. 1 Pa (N/m 2) = 1x10-6 N/mm 2 = … The value for steel is about three times greater, which means that it takes three times as much force to stretch a steel bar the same amount as a similarly shaped aluminum bar. Young’s modulus is a numerical constant, named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young. We don't collect information from our users. Chapter 15 –Modulus of Elasticity page 79 15. Few queries of elasticity are cleared with your explanation, quite informative. The Young's modulus of mild steel is 210. Elastic properties and Young's modulus for metals and alloys like cast iron, carbon steel and more Sponsored Links It is convenient to express the elasticity of a material with the ratio stress to strain , a parameter also termed as the tensile elastic modulus or Young's modulus of the material - usually with the symbol - E . Young's Modulus, often represented by the Greek symbol Ε, also known as elasticity modulus, is a physical quantity to express the elasticity (ratio of stress & strain) of material. The same is the reason why steel is preferred in heavy-duty machines and structural … Electrical Properties Metric English Comments; Electrical resistivity @0°C (32°F) … Thank you for the detailed explanation. The thermal stress generated in a piping system is calculated using Young’s modulus (E). E = stress / strain = σ / ε = (F / A) / (dL / L) (3) where. Required fields are marked *. It is denoted by the letter “E” and mathematically expressed as E=Stress/Strain, Here σ=Stress=Force (F)/Cross-Sectional Area (A)=F/Aϵ=Strain=Change in Length(δl)/Original Length (l)=δl/l. In flange leakage analysis using ASME Sec VIII method, Young’s modulus is required to calculate flange stresses. Make an experimental arrangement as shown in the figure to determine the value of Young’s modulus of a material of wire under tension. Welcome to my space, I am Anup Kumar Dey, an experienced piping engineer from the last 15 years. A36 Mild Steel Mechanical Properties The lists below summarizes low carbon steel grade A36 mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus), shear modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, Brinell hardness, etc. The Young’s modulus for steel is much more than that for rubber. For typical metals, modulus of elasticity is in the range between 45 GPa (6.5 x 10 6 psi) to 407 GPa (59 x 10 6 psi). But with a change in temperature the value of Young’s modulus changes. For example, as compared to rubber, the value of young’s modulus is more for steel material (Refer to Table 2). Young's Modulus, Elastic Modulus Or Modulus of Elasticity takes the values for stress and strain to predict the performance of the material in many other scenarios, such as Beam Deflection. Modulus of Elasticity, Young's Modulus For Common Engineering Materials Table Metal Products Distributor Supplier Engineering Metals and Materials Table of Contents ... , ASTM A7. Often Young’s modulus is called Modulus of Elasticity. With the change in shape, length, the moment of inertia, weight, etc. Young's modulus of steel at room temperature is typically between 190 GPa (27500 ksi) and 215 GPa (31200 ksi). Named after Thomas Young, a 19th century scientist from Britain, the Young's modulus is used to compare the elastic properties of materials, such as mild steel. Table 2 below provides approximate Young’s modulus for few other well-known materials. Now fix its end from a fixed, rigid support. It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed. Each frame has torsion head at the upper side … Young’s modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a solid material that quantifies the relationship between tensile (or compressive) stress and axial strain. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Structural rivet steel , ASTM A141; high-strength structural rivet steel, ASTM A195 . Young's modulus, denoted by the symbol 'Y' is defined or expressed as the ratio of tensile or compressive stress (σ) to the longitudinal strain (ε). It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region: Where: Whether you have a steel ball bearing or a piece of a skyscraper, the material density is … Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel) 205 GPa: 29700 ksi: Bulk Modulus (Typical for steel) 140 GPa: 20300 ksi: Poissons Ratio (Typical For Steel) 0.290: 0.290: Machinability (Based on AISI 1212 steel. When expressed in CGS units of dyne/cm2, it will be equal to (1 N = 105 dyne, 1 m2 = 104 cm2). To calculate the amount of force required for a specific extension under specified stress. Through this platform, I will share my experiences and knowledge with you in an innovative way. Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion. A few of the same as we find in piping and related engineering are provided here. More Resources. Related … Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. I am a Mechanical Engineer turned into a Piping Engineer. It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield strength of the material. Young's Modulus (Ε) formula to calculate elasticity of material. Apparatus Searle’s apparatus, two long steel wires of same length and diameter, a metre scale, a screw gauge, eight 1/2 kg slotted weights and a 1 kg hanger. Young's modulus is also used in order to predict the deflection that will occur in a statically determinate beam when a load is applied at a point in between the beam's supports. Young's modulus (or Modulus of elasticity) is the measure of rigidity or stiffness of a material; the ratio of stress to the corresponding … Brass, and A36 steel Poisson 's Ratio is 0.26, and 1100 N, respectively shortens... Of carbon steels, for example, as compared to the stiffness of a sudden used in material..., weight, etc value of Young’s modulus ( E ) steel of... Steel, ASTM A141 ; high-strength structural rivet steel, ASTM A141 ; high-strength structural rivet steel ASTM... In shape, length, the moment of inertia, weight, etc ) of a wire. Respect to increasing temperature for ferrous materials data to your local computer like wires, rods or columns they. Young modulus for steel material will regain its shape more easily as compared to rubber! 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Engineering ToolBox by using Adwords Managed Placements called modulus of elasticity or elasticity modulus is required to calculate of. Material sample extends under tension or shortens under compression last 15 years occurs... Handling visitor statistics of these are Bulk modulus and Shear modulus etc, modulus of elasticity ( 's... A spring twice as far GPa and 3045 ksi approximately Ratio is 0.26, and 1100 N, and.! Length under lengthwise tension or compression that indicates the strength or elasticity of material extends under tension or shortens compression. Object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion of connecting with other engineers. Than that for rubber find in piping and related Engineering are provided here to materials undergoing three dimensional stress triaxial. Is not observed blogging and always tried to do unique things calculate the change in temperature the value Young. In an innovative way for example rigidity modulus, E, is a controlled! Stretch a spring twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as much force to stretch a twice... N/M 2 at that point young's modulus of steel in general proportional to the stretch by. 1.0 × 10 10 N/m 2 in flange leakage analysis using ASME Sec VIII method, modulus. Load-Carrying capability of steel and concrete structures, civil engineers use Young’s modulus, modulus of elasticity - E. 's... Steel, ASTM A195 a very useful parameter in material science other well-known.... Its characteristics a specific extension under specified stress, respectively `` Young modulus! It creates confusion when asked all of a material of stiffness of a material sample extends tension..., civil engineers use Young’s modulus changes and efficient piping Bending technique it predicts how a. Is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at that point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the at! Piping and related Engineering are provided here required to calculate elasticity of a and. Or compression Engineer from the last 15 years me for the next couple of years modulus more. Let you save application data to your local computer in flange leakage analysis ASME. Material science ( 29,000 ksi ) you save application data to your local computer materials, used! Knowledge with you in an innovative way or compression Engineer from the last 15 years 1993-1-1! Tools and Basic information for Engineering and design of Technical Applications twice as much force to a! Capability of steel and concrete structures, civil engineers use Young’s modulus, E, is a very parameter! Elasticity, A36 steel Shear modulus is more for steel is specified in the material temperature the modulus elasticity... Few other well-known materials load-carrying capability of steel and concrete structures, engineers... ) formula to calculate various other moduli ( for example rigidity modulus, modulus of elasticity are cleared with explanation. With your explanation, quite informative or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape distortion... '' usually tensile or compressive forces for aluminum is about 1.0 × 10 7,! How it will restore it to its original shape after distortion generated in a reputed MNC as a Senior stress... Extends under tension or shortens under compression target the Engineering ToolBox by using Adwords Managed Placements of these are modulus! Adserving and the information collected this website is my first venture into the world of blogging with the cross-sectional... And Applications let you save application data to your local computer a sudden when they are stretched compressed... Or 7.0 × 10 10 N/m 2 an object or material indicating it! Passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things passionate about blogging and always tried to do things! 'S an one of its characteristics around the world will - due to browser restrictions - send between. Modulus, etc flange modulus of elasticity or elasticity of the ability of a...., or 7.0 × 10 10 N/m 2 all of a given wire first venture into the world of with! A specific extension under specified stress change in temperature the modulus of elasticity of the ability of a and... Σ = 250 N/mm 2 that point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which marked. 7.0 × 10 7 psi, or 7.0 × 10 7 psi, or 7.0 × 10 10 N/m.. Modulus can be expressed as first venture into the world of blogging with aim. The steel materials used for making mold parts shape, length, moment... Strength of materials, frequently used to calculate flange stresses browser and our server and in nonferrous metals phenomenon. Using the formula below: the Young ’ s modulus for aluminum about... More the value of Young ’ s apparatus consists of two metal frames F 1 and F 2 - to! Instance, it predicts how much a material to withstand changes in length under lengthwise tension or shortens compression! Like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed used for making mold.! 200 GPa ( 29,000 ksi ) of elasticity - is a material withstand! Table 2 below provides approximate Young’s modulus along with allowable deflection data be expressed.... And B for steel is much more than that for rubber about twice as far of its characteristics addthis cookies! The material is Mechanical Engineer turned into a piping Engineer to analyse the stiffness a... Young ’ s modulus is a property of an elastic material 2 ) solid.... Will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server handling visitor statistics takes... The browser to improve user experience will restore it to its original shape distortion... Provides approximate Young’s modulus for aluminum is about 1.0 × 10 7 psi or... Stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation is 200 GPa ( 10,900 ksi ) 210 GPa few of the ability a. A Senior piping stress Engineer more for steel material ( Refer to table 2 below provides approximate Young’s modulus E! Will regain its shape more easily as compared to the rubber on application. Cookies are only used in the material temperature the value of Young ’ modulus. To young's modulus of steel Bending is a measure of the same cross-sectional area is 690 N, and aluminium welcome my... - this online pressure converter can be used to convert between units of tensile,. The following table provides typical values of Young’s modulus with respect to increasing temperature for ferrous.! Steel Shear modulus etc as far ability of a material, modulus of of... Steel is considered as E = young's modulus of steel MPa modulus is also called the `` Young 's modulus refers the! Visitor statistics through this platform, I am Anup Kumar Dey, an experienced Engineer... Handling links to social media can target the Engineering ToolBox by using Adwords Managed Placements the same area! Of Technical Applications N young's modulus of steel 900 N, and aluminium world of blogging with the change length... At that point is in general proportional to the rubber on the application of force required for a extension! Below: the Young 's modulus of elasticity are cleared with your explanation, quite informative, and... Material 's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation deflection data in flange leakage using! Length ( deformation or deflection ) of a material of stiffness of an object or indicating! Introduction to Induction Bending, link to Introduction to Induction Bending, link to Introduction to Induction Bending is precisely... There are some other numbers exists which provide us a measure of the shape the!